人格類型
ESFP-CM
熱情家 · 沉穩・真誠
活潑、務實、友善、隨興。
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概述
你善於社交、溫暖、踏實又有彈性。你會為團體帶來活力,喜歡具體的體驗,也偏好讓生活保持開放、迎接機會。
你在壓力下保持冷靜(情緒穩定性高),而且謙虛、公正(誠實謙遜高)。別人通常會覺得你在危機中靠得住,也能放心把責任交給你。
6 個字母
外向性
E · 外向型
和人互動會讓你充電,你在人前說話自在,也很擅長主動開啟對話。
開放性(智性)
S · 務實型
你偏好具體、經過驗證、實用的東西,相信經驗勝過理論。
親和性
F · 共感型
你溫暖、富同理心、樂於合作,很能察覺別人的感受。
盡責性
P · 彈性型
你隨興、適應力強,喜歡保留選項,習慣一鼓作氣集中衝刺。
情緒穩定性
C · 沉穩型
你在壓力下保持冷靜,能很快從挫折中恢復,很少反覆鑽牛角尖。
誠實謙遜
M · 謙遜型
你真誠、公正,對地位和奢華興趣不大,也不認為自己高人一等。
優勢
- 計畫改變時你能馬上調整,隨機應變對你來說並不辛苦。
- 情緒穩定性(神經質低)是和工作滿意度關聯最強的人格特質。[1]
- 神經質低和焦慮症、憂鬱症風險較低有關。[2]
- 情緒穩定性和領導力呈正相關。[3]
- 在團體中脫穎而出成為領導者,外向性是與此關聯最一致的特質。[3]
- 外向的人平均而言,回報較常感受到正向情緒。[4]
- 你能很快建立人脈,比較容易接觸到靠口耳相傳的機會。
- 你能專注在有效的做法上,不容易被新奇本身分散注意力。
- 在容易流於空談的團隊中,你能帶來踏實、務實的觀點。
- 親和性高的人在衝突中會用比較有建設性的方式處理,比較不會讓情況惡化。[5]
- 親和性高的人比較容易被選為朋友。[6]
- 在經濟賽局中,誠實謙遜是最能預測公平、合作行為的基本人格特質之一。[7]
- 在 HEXACO 特質中,誠實謙遜最能預測較少的職場偏差行為(偷竊、蓄意破壞、舞弊)。[8]
需要留意
- 因為你自己很少慌亂,可能會低估別人的壓力。不要預設,直接問問看。
- 盡責性低和容易拖延的習慣,以及風險較高的健康行為(飲食、運動、物質使用)有關。[9]
- 不論哪種職業,盡責性低時平均工作表現也比較低。[10]
- 你可能太低調地描述自己的成果,或避開談判。正當地展現自己不等於炫耀。
- 頭銜、福利這類以地位為主的獎勵,可能激不起你的動力。選擇能帶來使命感或精進技藝樂趣的角色。
- 親和性和收入呈負相關,在男性身上影響最大。[11]
- 你可能不太擅長拒絕,或為自己爭取權益。想提出的要求可以事先準備好。
- 一項實地研究發現,外向的領導者比較不容易接納組員的想法,因此在主動積極的團隊中表現較差。[12]
- 一項業務研究發現,中等外向的人(「中性性格者」)業績高於非常外向的人,後者常被認為太過強勢。[13]
- 開放性能預測職業訓練的成效。在變化快速的領域,重新學習時可以預留多一點心力。[10]
- 你可能太早否定不熟悉的想法。下判斷之前,先小規模試試看。
工作與職涯
你的特質傾向的興趣領域(Holland 的 RIASEC 職業興趣)[14]
社會型(S): 教學、助人、照顧與培育他人。
教師護理師諮商師社工師物理治療師人資專員
企業型(E): 領導、說服、銷售和開創事業。
創辦人業務經理律師行銷經理產品經理房仲
實用型(R): 動手操作工具、機械,或和植物、動物打交道的工作。
電機技師飛機維修技師土木工程師測量員廚師野生動物調查員
人格對興趣的預測力並不強,請把這些當作起點。你自己的興趣、技能與價值觀,比類型更重要。
戀愛與伴侶
友誼
壓力與身心健康
成長建議
這些研究結果有多可靠?
這裡引用的特質與結果之間的關聯是真實且可重複驗證的,但個別效果都不大。典型的相關約為 r ≈ .10–.30,也就是說,特質只是改變機率,並不決定結果。一項大型重複驗證計畫重現了約 87% 受檢驗的特質與結果關聯,但效果通常比原本的報告小一些。[26]沒有附出處的內容是實用建議,不是研究結果。
資料來源
- Judge, T. A., Heller, D., & Mount, M. K. (2002). Five-factor model of personality and job satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 530–541.
- Kotov, R., Gamez, W., Schmidt, F., & Watson, D. (2010). Linking "big" personality traits to anxiety, depressive, and substance use disorders: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 136(5), 768–821.
- Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., Ilies, R., & Gerhardt, M. W. (2002). Personality and leadership: A qualitative and quantitative review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 765–780.
- Lucas, R. E., & Fujita, F. (2000). Factors influencing the relation between extraversion and pleasant affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(6), 1039–1056.
- Jensen-Campbell, L. A., & Graziano, W. G. (2001). Agreeableness as a moderator of interpersonal conflict. Journal of Personality, 69(2), 323–362.
- Selfhout, M., Burk, W., Branje, S., Denissen, J., van Aken, M., & Meeus, W. (2010). Emerging late adolescent friendship networks and Big Five personality traits: A social network approach. Journal of Personality, 78(2), 509–538.
- Thielmann, I., Spadaro, G., & Balliet, D. (2020). Personality and prosocial behavior: A theoretical framework and meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 146(1), 30–90.
- Pletzer, J. L., Bentvelzen, M., Oostrom, J. K., & de Vries, R. E. (2019). A meta-analysis of the relations between personality and workplace deviance: Big Five versus HEXACO. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 112, 369–383.
- Bogg, T., & Roberts, B. W. (2004). Conscientiousness and health-related behaviors: A meta-analysis of the leading behavioral contributors to mortality. Psychological Bulletin, 130(6), 887–919.
- Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1991). The Big Five personality dimensions and job performance: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44(1), 1–26.
- Judge, T. A., Livingston, B. A., & Hurst, C. (2012). Do nice guys—and gals—really finish last? The joint effects of sex and agreeableness on income. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(2), 390–407.
- Grant, A. M., Gino, F., & Hofmann, D. A. (2011). Reversing the extraverted leadership advantage: The role of employee proactivity. Academy of Management Journal, 54(3), 528–550.
- Grant, A. M. (2013). Rethinking the extraverted sales ideal: The ambivert advantage. Psychological Science, 24(6), 1024–1030.
- Larson, L. M., Rottinghaus, P. J., & Borgen, F. H. (2002). Meta-analyses of Big Six interests and Big Five personality factors. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61(2), 217–239.
- Malouff, J. M., Thorsteinsson, E. B., Schutte, N. S., Bhullar, N., & Rooke, S. E. (2010). The five-factor model of personality and relationship satisfaction of intimate partners: A meta-analysis. Journal of Research in Personality, 44(1), 124–127.
- Karney, B. R., & Bradbury, T. N. (1995). The longitudinal course of marital quality and stability: A review of theory, method, and research. Psychological Bulletin, 118(1), 3–34.
- Schmitt, D. P. (2004). The Big Five related to risky sexual behaviour across 10 world regions: Differential personality associations of sexual promiscuity and relationship infidelity. European Journal of Personality, 18(4), 301–319.
- Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2005). Psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and narcissism in the Five-Factor Model and the HEXACO model of personality structure. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(7), 1571–1582.
- Dyrenforth, P. S., Kashy, D. A., Donnellan, M. B., & Lucas, R. E. (2010). Predicting relationship and life satisfaction from personality in nationally representative samples from three countries: The relative importance of actor, partner, and similarity effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99(4), 690–702.
- Harris, K., & Vazire, S. (2016). On friendship development and the Big Five personality traits. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 10(11), 647–667.
- Steel, P., Schmidt, J., & Shultz, J. (2008). Refining the relationship between personality and subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 134(1), 138–161.
- Zettler, I., Thielmann, I., Hilbig, B. E., & Moshagen, M. (2020). The nomological net of the HEXACO model of personality: A large-scale meta-analytic investigation. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15(3), 723–760.
- Hudson, N. W., & Fraley, R. C. (2015). Volitional personality trait change: Can people choose to change their personality traits? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109(3), 490–507.
- McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1989). Reinterpreting the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator from the perspective of the five-factor model of personality. Journal of Personality, 57(1), 17–40.
- Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. (2007). Empirical, theoretical, and practical advantages of the HEXACO model of personality structure. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11(2), 150–166.
- Soto, C. J. (2019). How replicable are links between personality traits and consequential life outcomes? The Life Outcomes of Personality Replication Project. Psychological Science, 30(5), 711–727.